Friday, April 21, 2017

Automation Earth Day Special: Designing an Engine for Efficiency

Automation Earth Day Special: Designing an Engine for Efficiency

In celebration of Earth Day, I have chosen to create a new post specifically with environmental awareness in mind. For this I have chosen to show an example of an engine configured for high fuel efficiency and low emissions. In particular, I will share how I achieved both of those objectives. But before that, I will go into why I built the car which is powered by that engine.

A few weeks ago, I found a contest on the Automation forums that required entrants to build an economy car for a buyer whose previous car had been destroyed in a crash. Given my expertise in optimizing an engine for high efficiency, entering this challenge (which would easily have been a round of CSR if not for its creator not having won the most recent round) was a no-brainer. So, after a few hours, I came up with this:



The Zorg ZV2 1.7 AWD: Designed for economy at a reasonable price

My entry, the Zorg ZV2 1.7 AWD, looked like a normal, if small, three-box sedan from the outside, but with all-wheel-drive, fully independent suspension at each corner and alloy panels on a high-strength steel chassis, it was a technically advanced offering. It was also practical and affordable enough to be a sensible daily driver. However, the real genius lay under the hood.






Top to bottom: Internals and variant capacity, cam profiles and compression, turbocharger setup, fuel system configuration, and technical overview of the 1.7-liter straight four in the Zorg ZV2 1.7

In an attempt to extract as much efficiency from the engine as possible given the limited budget, I settled on low-friction pistons (which provide a significant increase in efficiency), a shorter stroke (to prevent the redline from restricting power outputs too much), mild cam profiles (which ensures that the valves are open for a shorter time) and a lean air/fuel ratio (again, providing sizable economy gains). The most significant work, however, was tuning the turbocharger for increased fuel economy. For this application, small compressors and turbines with modest boost and a low AR ratio were a necessity, and I did not hesitate to apply my expertise here.

The end result was an efficiency rating of 32% - an impressive figure given the tight budget. As installed in the ZV2, it provided excellent fuel economy figures (although in a lighter car, it would have yielded even better results) - high-40s to low-50s US MPG on the combined cycle - and very low emissions. Speaking of which, hypereutectic pistons actually reduce emissions even further than low-friction pistons, but aren't as useful in economy-oriented applications due to their increased friction, although they are strong enough to withstand higher redlines. For the next post, I will kick off my series of CSR retrospectives... by stepping back 30 years.

Saturday, April 15, 2017

Laserforce Explained, Part 4: The Perils of Incompetence

Laserforce Explained, Part 4: The Perils of Incompetence

In my two years of playing Laserforce I have learned how to be a highly skilled player much faster than normal, in large part due to my experience with first- and third-person shooter computer games. Naturally, given that good hand-eye coordination is a requirement to complete them, it seems fitting that this also applies to Laserforce and other laser tag chains worldwide. However, many players, whom I shall not name explicitly, have forgotten about this hint and instead wandered blindly into their opponents' line(s) of sight. In fact, I have been all too willing to exploit this horrific blunder, by scoring lots of points very quickly whenever it happens.

So how can this be avoided? The first and most important step is to maintain situational awareness at all times. This can be done simply by taking a quick look at your surroundings every few seconds, and if you see another, don't hesitate to zap him/her - unless that player is your teammate, of course. Continually keeping score throughout the game is also recommended; by doing so, you will know how well you (and your team, if the current game is a team-based game type) are doing compared to your opponents. Finally, always remember the rules for the current game; since each game type is different in some way from the others, it pays to keep notes of the objective(s) you must accomplish in order to win the match. Even then, it takes time and patience to master all these steps, but it will eventually be worth the effort, and you will realize it sooner or later.

The situation is worsened if the disparity in player skill is increased further, such as during a team game in which one of the teams has a disproportionate number of veteran players compared to the other teams. The resulting game is almost always guaranteed to be extremely one-sided. However, if the differences between the teams' average skill are reduced, all sides will be far more evenly matched. I've actually experienced both scenarios first hand, especially the former. Unsurprisingly, organizers of official tournaments aim to make their contests as fair and close as possible by attempting to evenly distribute higher-ranked players across all teams; while it isn't always successful, it adds a welcome element of unpredictability.

That brings an end to my discussion of how laser tag is so highly dependent on player skill, and yet still has an element of luck as well. In the next few posts, I will resume Confessions of an Automationeer by revisiting some of my favorite competition rounds.

Tuesday, April 4, 2017

Laserforce Explained, Part 3: Examples of Arena Layouts and Objects

Laserforce Explained, Part 3: Examples of Arena Layouts and Objects


All Laserforce arenas are designed to promote fast-paced, challenging play for every player. They contain a variety of objects that players can find and utilize to improve their scores. Some of these arenas even have multiple floors, which literally adds a new dimension to gameplay. However, all of them have at least three colored targets and at least one Warbot. Since the behavior of Warbots have been described in detail in the last few posts, I will begin this post by discussing targets before explaining other arena objects later.

Targets in Laserforce are generally small plastic boxes or plates with a few colored LEDs inside them. Any player who zaps it three consecutive times without being deactivated or missing the target will gain 801 points, although players can only do this once for each hostile or neutral target during a game. In team games with two or three teams, each team is assigned a target to protect, and can only attack neutral or hostile targets; as such, any target not assigned to a team in these games is considered neutral. However, in individual games and team games with at least four teams, all targets are neutral. Targets may even serve as components for more complex arena objects, including the ones described below. Finally, some arenas even include reusable targets that can be zapped once every minute or so: instead of rewarding players with 800 points, they tend to give other rewards instead, such as a small amount of points (usually 50) or doubling the amount of points they can score for a short time. Therefore, it is recommended that you seek out targets as soon as possible to build up your score early on, and in team games, tell your teammates to do so in an attempt to give your team the upper hand.

A Warbot is basically a stationary swiveling turret that rotates horizontally, occassionally zapping nearby players every so often. Usually, the player being zapped will be deactivated, especially if he/she has outscored most of the other players; however, in some game modes, Warbots may also give special points or items to players who are falling behind. Moreover, in some game modes which feature Warbots, players can control them once per game by zapping them a few times, gaining valuable points in the process and causing it to accumulate points (and also special points to use on special abilities) on behalf of whoever controls it, usually for one minute. Some arenas even contain multiple Warbots for players to avoid or control depending on the situation. In short. learning how to take advantage of Warbots' capabilities is essential to maximizing your score in any Laserforce game which uses these devices.

Some arenas even include objects that combine features of targets and Warbots. Take the arena on Ipswich Road in Woolloongabba, for example. To this day it remains my favorite Laserforce arena because for some reason, it reminds me of a well-designed stadium: spacious, packed with amenities and very enjoyable to play on. Two of its features in particular stand out: the Time Vortex and the Jade Serpent. The former is actually a walkway inside a tube; when all four of its targets (which are located on one end of the tunnel) have been zapped, the tube will light up and rotate for a short time, exposing anyone who is hiding in it for defensive and/or offensive purposes and also rendering them vulnerable until the Vortex has stopped. Anyone who does this for the first time will receive an achievement.

The Jade Serpent, on the other hand, is effectively a Warbot that only activates once the targets on it have all been destroyed. Each target on the Serpent is only lit up intermittently, and even then only for a very short time, during which players can zap them. Given that it takes several direct hits to destroy these targets, exposing the Serpent tends to take a while, especially if only one player is attacking it. Once the Serpent is exposed, it will zap any player that gets close enough to it, and any players hit by the Serpent will be deactivated. However, the Serpent will be deactivated if it is hit enough times. Anyone who does this will receive a large points bonus, plus an achievement if they have not destroyed the Serpent before.

There is also a pair of tall structures near the entrance, called Reactors. Each one has a target attached to it, but uniquely, they will sometimes render the surrounding area impassable without players being deactivated for a short time once per game. This is called a "meltdown", and is preceded by the message "Danger: Radiation Overload!" (or something similar) a few seconds before the meltdown actually occurs. Obviously, avoiding the meltdown is a priority in a game where the Reactors have been programmed to overload.

Whatever props are present, however, the layout of a Laserforce arena is the most important attribute any player should remember. During a game, it is recommended that you find a good hiding place from which to ambush your opponents, while also reducing the probability of being discovered and attacked in return. For example, at Laserforce HQ, I found a small space in front of the Yellow Triffid (the only target on the top floor) and near the walkway leading to the upper floor to use as a hiding place. Like so many other players hiding in this part of the map, I was seldom detected by my opponents, but could easily find and deactivate them, especially if they were less experienced. The arena at Strike Wintergarden, meanwhile, isn't short of nooks and crannies either despite minimal elevation changes; the enclosed area opposite the prop resembling a crashed plane is particularly useful to sneaky players, as is the tiny area behind the desk at the near end of the corridor.

Having briefly discussed the most important parts of the arena at Laserforce HQ, I shall now summarize a few key aspects of the arenas at Sky Zone MacGregor and Strike Wintergarden, the only other Laserforce sites I have visited so far. The former is spread out over three floors, giving it a greater vertical element; as such, ambushes from players hiding in the top floor are not only more common, but also much more effective due to the attackers having a better view of their opponents. In particular, the ramp leading to the top floor is a hot spot for sudden attacks on unsuspecting players. On the other hand, it's rare for anyone playing in the much smaller Strike Wintergarden arena to have the high ground over an opponent, since the elevation change there is minimal. Defensively minded players especially tend to hide behind the barrels near the blue target; on the other hand, offensively minded players tend to launch their attacks along the narrow corridors leading to the blue and red targets, where their lines of sight are often unobstructed.

So if you really want to attain mastery in Laserforce, it is imperative that you remember the layout and features of each arena that you play in, especially the locations of the targets and Warbots. Otherwise, you will have a hard time keeping up with your opponents' scores. Speaking of which, the next post will show some of the consequences of skill gaps between new and experienced players.